AMTS. 2006. Cattle Pro. Cornell Research Foundation, Ithaca, NY. Barnhart, S., M. Duffy, and D. Smith. 2008. Estimated Costs of Pasture and Hay Production. Iowa State University, Ames.

Beckett, J. L., and J. W. Oltjen. 1993. Estimation of the water requirement for beef production in the United States. J. Anim. Sci. 71:818–826.

Bolsen, K., and R. Bolsen. 2006. A trouble-shooter for common silage problems. In Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, February 24, 2006, Tempe, AZ. University of Arizona, Tempe.

Capper, J. L. 2010. The environmental impact of conventional, natural and grass-fed beef production systems Proc. Greenhouse Gases and Anim. Agric. Conf. 2010, Banff, Canada.

Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady, and D. E. Bauman. 2009. The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2160–2167.

Capper, J. L., E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, R. A. Cady, and D. E. Bauman. 2008. The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:9668–9673.

Cardon, P. V., W. R. Chapline, T. E. Woodward, E. W. McComas, and C. R. Enlow. 1939. Pasture and Range in Livestock Feeding. Page 925 in USDA Yearbook of Agriculture, 1939. USDA, Washington, DC.

Cederberg, C., D. Meyer, and A. Flysjo. 2009a. Life Cycle Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Use of Land and Energy in Brazilian Beef Production. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Cederberg, C., U. Sonesson, M. Henriksson, V. Sund, and J. Davis. 2009b. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Swedish Production of Meat, Milk and Eggs: 1990 and 2005. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Davis, S. C., S. W. Diegel, and R. G. Boundy. 2009. Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.

Deutsch, C. H. 2007 Aug. 29. Eating meat worse for planet than driving, animal rights groups say. New York Times, New York, NY.

de Vries, A., and I. J. M. de Boer. 2010. Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments. Livest. Sci. 128:1–11.

Energy Information Administration. 2001. Updated State-level Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Electricity Generation. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

Fadel, J. G. 1999. Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 79:255–268.

Fairlie, S. 2010. Meat—A Benign Extravagance. Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, VT.

FAO. 2006. Livestock’s Long Shadow—Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

FAO. 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

FAO. 2010. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Forde, K., A. Hillberg-Seitzinger, D. Dargatz, and N. Wineland. 1998. The availability of state-level data on interstate cattle movements in the United States. Prev. Vet. Med. 37:209–217. Foster, C., K. Green, M. Bleda, P. Dewick, B. Evans, A. Flynn, and Mylan. 2006. Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption: A Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Manchester Business School, DEFRA, London, UK.

Grandin, T. 2001. Livestock Trucking Guide. Natl. Inst. Anim. Agric., Bowling Green, KY.

Humane Society of the United States. 2009. AN HSUS Report: The Impact of Industrialized Animal Agriculture on World Hunger. HSUS, Washington, DC.

IPCC. 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) for the IPCC, Kanagawa, Japan.

IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva.

Kaspar, H. F., and J. M. Tiedje. 1981. Dissimilatory reduction of nitrate and nitrite in the bovine rumen: Nitrous oxide production and effect of acetylene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:705–709.

Keyzer, M. A., M. D. Merbis, I. F. P. W. Pavel, and C. F. A. van Wesenbeeck. 2005. Diet shifts towards meat and the effects on cereal use: Can we feed the animals in 2030? Ecol. Econ. 55:187–202.

Kirchgessner, M., W. Windisch, H. L. Müller, and M. Kreuzer. 1991. Release of methane and of carbon dioxide by dairy cattle. Agribiol. Res. 44:2–9.

Koneswaran, G., and D. Nierenberg. 2008. Global farm animal production and global warming: Impacting and mitigating climate change. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:578–582.

Kratz, J. L., C. J. Wilcox, F. G. Martin, D. E. Franke, and R. B. Becker. 1977. Vital statistics of U.S. and Canadian AI beef sires. J. Anim. Sci. 45:43–47.

Lubowski, R. N., M. Vesterby, S. Bucholtz, A. Baez, and M. J. Roberts. 2006. Major Uses of Land in The United States, 2002. Economic Information Bulletin Number 14, USDA/ERS, Washington, DC.

Ludington, D., and R. C. Peterson. 2005. How much energy does your dairy use? Northeast Dairy Business September:20–21.

Meyer, U., W. Stahl, and G. Flachowsky. 2006. Investigations on the water intake of growing bulls. Livest. Sci. 103:186–191.

Miller, S. P., and J. W. Wilton. 1999. Genetic relationships among direct and maternal components of milk yield and maternal weaning gain in a multibreed beef herd. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1155– 1161.

Miller, S. P., J. W. Wilton, and W. C. Pfeiffer. 1999. Effects of milk yield on biological efficiency and profit of beef production from birth to slaughter. J. Anim. Sci. 77:344–352.

Millward, D. J., and T. Garnett. 2010. Food and the planet: Nutritional dilemmas of greenhouse gas emission reductions through reduced intakes of meat and dairy foods. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 69:103–118.

Moe, P. W., and H. F. Tyrrell. 1979. Methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1583–1586.

National Climatic Data Center. 2011. NNDC Climatic Data Online.

National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC.

Nguyen, T. L. T., J. E. Hermansen, and L. Mogensen. 2010. Environmental consequences of different beef production systems in the EU. J. Clean. Prod. 18:756–766.

Nicholson, C. F., M. I. Gómez, and O. H. Gao. 2011. The costs of increased localization for a multiple-product food supply chain: Dairy in the United States. Food Policy 36:300–310.

Nierenberg, D. 2005. Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry. Worldwatch Paper 171, Worldwatch, Washington, DC. NRC. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Natl. Acad.

Press, Washington, DC.

Ogino, A., K. Kaku, T. Osada, and K. Shimada. 2004. Environmental impacts of the Japanese beef-fattening system with different feeding lengths as evaluated by a life-cycle assessment method. J. Anim. Sci. 82:2115–2122.

Pelletier, N., R. Pirog, and R. Rasmussen. 2010. Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States. Agric. Sys. 103:380–389.

Peters, G. M., H. V. Rowley, S. Wiedemann, R. Tucker, M. D. Short, and M. Schulz. 2010. Red meat production in Australia: Life cycle assessment and comparison with overseas studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:1327–1332.

Pimentel, D., and M. Pimentel. 2003. Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78:660S–663S.

Pimentel, D., and M. Pimentel. 2007. Food Energy and Society. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Pitesky, M. E., K. R. Stackhouse, and F. M. Mitloehner. 2009. Clearing the air: Livestock’s contribution to climate change. Adv. Agron. 103:3–40.

Rydberg, T., and J. Jansen. 2002. Comparison of horse and tractor traction using energy analysis. Ecol. Eng. 19:13–28.

Sellers, H. I., R. L. Willhelm, and R. C. DeBaca. 1970. Effect of certain factors on weaning weight of beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 31:5–12.

Shields, D. A., and K. A. Mathews. 2003. Interstate Livestock Movements. USDA/ERS, Washington, DC.

Singer, P., and J. Mason. 2006. The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter. 1st ed. Rodale Books, Emmaus, PA.

Skinner, R. H. 2008. High biomass removal limits carbon sequestration potential of mature temperate plants. J. Environ. Qual. 37:1319–1326.

Sukyer, A. E., and S. B. Verma. 2001. Year-round observations of the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie. Glob. Change Biol. 7:279–289.

US Census Bureau. 2008. Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950–2050. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC.

USDA. 1977. Cattle. USDA, Washington, DC.

USDA. 2000a. Part I: Baseline Reference of Feedlot Management Practices, 1999. USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO.

USDA. 2000b. Part II: Baseline Reference of Feedlot Health and Health Management, 1999. USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO.

USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, Part I: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2007. USDAAPHIS-VS, Fort Collins, CO.

USDA. 2009a. Beef 2007–08 Part I: Reference of Beef Cow-calf Management Practices in the United States, 2007–08. USDAAPHIS-VS, Fort Collins, CO.

USDA. 2009b. Beef 2007–08 Part II: Reference of Beef Cow-calf Management Practices in the United States, 2007–08. USDAAPHIS-VS, Fort Collins, CO.

USDA. 2011. Data and Statistics. Accessed May 2011. http://www. nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Quick_Stats/index.asp.

USDA/ERS. 1975. Livestock Trucking Services: Quality, Adequacy and Shipment Patterns. USDA/ERS, Washington, DC.

USDA/ERS. 2010a. Data Sets: Fertilizer Use and Price. USDA/ ERS, Washington, DC.

USDA/ERS. 2010b. Livestock and Poultry Outlook LDP-M-192.

USDA/ERS, Washington, DC.

USDA/NASS. 1979. 1979 Census of Agriculture: Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey. USDA, Washington, DC.

USDA/NASS. 2006. Agricultural Chemical Usage 2005 Field Crops Summary. USDA-NASS, Washington, DC.

USDA/NASS. 2007a. Agricultural Chemical Usage 2006 Field Crops Summary. USDA-NASS, Washington, DC.

USDA/NASS. 2007b. Cattle Report. USDA, Washington, DC. USDA/NASS. 2007c. 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farm and Ranch

Irrigation Survey. USDA-NASS, Washington, DC. USDA/NASS. 2008. Livestock Slaughter 2007 Summary. USDA,

Washington, DC.

USDA/NASS. 2010. Livestock Slaughter Annual Summary. USDA, Washington, DC.

US EPA. 2010. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2008. US EPA, Washington, DC.

West, T. O., and G. Marland. 2002. A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: Comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 91:217–232.

Wiltbank, J. N. 1970. Research needs in beef cattle production. J. Anim. Sci. 31:755–762.

Wiltbank, J. N. 1974. Management programs to increase reproductive efficiency of beef herds. J. Anim. Sci. 38:58–67.